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Moamoria Rebellion
Moamoria Rebellion helped to grab the total North East of India by British East India Company.

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Moamoria RebellionMoamoria rebellion was the rebellion began in the year 1769 and ended 1806. It was the time when the British East India Company captured Bengal, Bihar, Orissa after the Battle of Plassey (1757).

Moamoria rebellion was the armed conflict between the Morans, the supporters of the Moamara Sattra, and the Ahom kings. This civil conflict led the British East India Company to interfere in the political scenario of the Assam. This led to widespread popular discontent against the Ahom king and the nobles and to two periods in which the Ahom king lost control of the capital. Retaking the capital was accompanied by a massacre of subjects, leading to a steep depopulation of large tracts. The Ahom king failed to retake the entire kingdom, a portion in the northeast, Bengmara, became virtually independent.

After the rebellion, the Ahoms lost the control. About one-half of the population of the kingdom perished and the economy was destroyed. Thus, the weakened Ahom kingdom fell to a Burmese invasion, which ultimately led to colonization by the British East India Company in later times.

On September 15, 1769, Ragh Neog, a leading disciple of the sattra, was flogged by Ahom officials for not supplying the required number of elephants. By November, the Morans led by Ragh Neog, Naharkhora Saikia and his two wives Radha and Rukmini, promised the throne to three Ahom princes (Mohanmala, a brother, and two others, nephews of Lakshmi Singha) and with their help liberated the territory north of the Burhidihing River. On November 21, 1769, the rebels occupied the Ahom capital and placed Ramananda, son of Naharkhora, on the throne. The Ahom king, Lakshmi Singha, was captured and kept a prisoner. All high officers were executed and three common Morans became the three great "Gohains". Ragh Neog became the Borbarua, a Kanri Paik became the Borphukan and two common Ahoms became the Gohains at Sadiya and Marangi.

The rebels, inexperienced in statecraft, failed to usher in a new order. Instead, they began imitating their erstwhile leaders. Ragh Neog seized the wives and daughters of many nobles and kept them in his harem. As some of the rebel officers took on the airs of the old nobility, many rebels were dissatisfied and, led by Govinda Gaoburha, left the capital and reached Sagunmuri. Taking advantage of this, some of the old nobility killed Ragh on April 11, 1770 with the help of Kuranganayani, an Ahom queen from Manipur, and retook the capital. In the purge that followed, Ramananda the rebel king, Naharkhora, Radha, Rukmini, Astabhujdev, the Moamara sattradhikar and his son Saptabhuj were all executed.

After the capital was recaptured, the remaining rebel forces in Sagunmuri under Govinda Gaoburha attempted to overthrow the king again. This movement too had the signs of a popular uprising. The main weapons used by the rebels were bamboo staff and clubs, and their slogan was praja-oi joroiroa, chekani-oi sopai dhora ("Ye` oppressed subjects, hold your stave close"), and this uprising was called chekani kubua ron ("The war of the staves"). In one of the engagements, the Borpatrogohain and the Dhekial Phukan were killed, and the Borgohain made a hair breathe escape. The rebels advanced toward Rangpur and they were met at Thowra by the forces of the Burhagohain, the new Borpatrogohain, the Borgohain and a detachment cavalry from the Manipur king. In this battle, the rebels were defeated; Govinda Gaoburha was captured and executed.

Some rebels then retreated deep into jungles and continued guerrilla warfare under leaders like Lephera, Parmananda and others. An initial royalist force under the Na-Phukan and the Deka-Phukan was defeated, but a later force under the Borpatrogohain was able to eliminate Lephera and Parmananda. Subsequently, the Burhagohain began systematically destroying the villages and along with that the remaining leaders and in a seize many rebels and their families died of starvation. The remaining people were then separated and settled at different places. One of the last holdouts, Nomal, was finally captured and executed. This ended the first phase of the Moamoria rebellion.

In the second phase, in April 1783 an armed group of rebels attacked Rangpur and Garhgaon. The rebels were repulsed and a general massacre of Morans followed that continued for a month and a half. In 1786 Harihar Tanti raised an army of Moamarias and Dafla-Bahatiyas. A contingent of the rebels freed Pitambar, a grandson of the late Moamara Sattradhikar, who was in the custody of Auniati Sattra. The rebels encircled Rangpur Fort now the Panbari Mosque and on January 19, 1788, the king Gaurinath Singha and the inhabitants of the capital fled. The captured region was locally administered with Harihar Tanti in the north bank of the Brahmaputra River.

The ruling system was divided into three parts. Howha ruled Majuli Island, Sarbananda ruling the Moran tracts from Bengmara (present-day Tinsukia District). Bharat was made the king. Coins were struck regularly in Bharat`s and Sarbananda`s names. Purnananda Burhagohain tried to regroup but soon gave up, and established himself in Jorhat, the vanguard of the royalist forces. Other Ahom nobles camped in Darrang and the king in Nagaon where he had to face dissensions and as a result had to move from Nagaon District to Guwahati on June 11, 1792.

The counter attacks began around 1792, when Bharat repulsed an attack from the Manipuri king. At that point, of time the British East India Company interfered in the political scenario of Assam. In 1792, Thomas Welsh of the British East India Company came to the aid with 550 well trained and well armed troops. He occupied Guwahati on November 24, 1792 without any resistance and on March 18, 1794, he restored Rangpur to Gaurinath Singha. After they received the money promised by the Ahoms, Thomas Welsh returned to Bengal on May 25, 1794. Gaurinath Singha died in Jorhat in 1794 and was succeeded by Kamaleswar Singha. The rebels continued to suffer reverses.

During the Moamoria rebellion, the Ahom kingdom entered in a massive political, social and economic crisis, as the Paik system on which the state was based, was unable to adapt to the changing economy and the emerging social classes. The rise of the Sattras was one of the reasons for the leakage of man power from the Paik system, and as a result the Ahom kingdom and the Sattras came into increasing conflict.

Moamara sattra, with its adherent from the Moran tribes, were followers of the non-conformist Kala-Samhati sect that competed against the royalist sattras belonging to other sects. In course of time, the leader of Moamoria rebellion group compromised with the Ahom rulers and ended the rebellion in fiasco.

Srimanta Sankardeva, one of the renowned personalities in Assam of that time, established the Mahapuruxiya Dharma in the 16th century, a religion that opened itself to all including the Muslims and tribesmen of Assam. The religion provided opportunities for social and economic improvements to common tribesmen, and the sattras provided a safe haven from mandatory labour under the Paik system.

The Ahom rulers saw a threat and Sankardeva himself had to escape to the Koch kingdom during the reign of Suklenmung to avoid persecution. Later, Prataap Singha, demolished the Kalabari and Kuruabahi sattras and his successors followed a similar policy of oppression. Jayadhwaj Singha reversed this policy and his successors up to Sulikphaa Lora Roja tried to come to terms with the Sattras.

This Ruling policy of Ahoms was again reversed during the reign of Gadadhar Singha, who began persecuting the sattras. His son, Rudra Singha tried to isolate the more liberal and thus most threatening to the Ahom state of the non-Brahmin Sattras by encouraging the Brahmin sattras. When he realized this policy was not bearing fruit, he initiated a policy to accord state support to Shaktism, the historical and theological program of the Mahapuruxiya dharma, to contain further Sattra influence. This led to more persecutions, the most notable under Bor Roja Phuleshwari Kunwonri during the reign of Siba Singha. This unresolved conflict finally exploded into the Moamoria rebellion in the 18th century that so weakened the Ahom kingdom that it collapsed in the 19th century.

This experience and the military displayed by Thomas Welsh and his troops encouraged the Ahoms to create a standing army of mostly paid Hindustani sepoys to replace the Paik based militia. Phopai, a rebel was killed in 1796 and Bharat, the rebel king in 1799. Sadiya fell to the royalists in 1800. Despite many attempts in 1802 and 1806, Sarbananda held out from Bengmara. He was finally given the title of Barsenapati, and the Matak territory conceded to him. Thus the Moamaria rebellion thus ended with the creation of a near-independent Muttack tract ruled by a Barsenapati and the near-end of the Paik system.


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