Home > Indian History > History of India > Archaeology of Madhya Pradesh
Archaeology of Madhya Pradesh
Archaeology of Madhya Pradesh gives close depiction of the then culture, society and religion.

Share this Article:

Archaeology of Madhya Pradesh The protohistoric archaeology of Madhya Pradesh is dominated by that of the Malwa Plateau region which is a large fertile plateau drained by the Chambal River, Kali Sindh River, Narmada River, Sipra River, Betwa River and other rivers, and has some trunk routes from the north to the Deccan and West India passing through it. The area is dotted with chalcolithic sites but there is no comprehensive study of their location and distribution. Out of many sites, excavated, full reports are available only on Nagda, Kayatha and Navdatoli. Nagda was only vertically excavated, and for the present discussion, we shall depend Primarily on Kayatha and Navdatoli reports and make only passing references to the other sites.

As noted earlier, with their base in Gujarat, the Harappan was suitably located to interact with the Malwa region. In fact, in the Morena district, which lies in the northeastern segment of the Malwa region, late Harappan sites were discovered at three places like Sihoniya, Khudai and Bassaiya, on the banks of the Asan, a tributary of the Chambal. The sites were found destroyed but pottery remained like the late Harappan sturdy and thick red ware of fine fabric with such types as dish-on-stand, vase with disc base, etc. As mentioned by one of the scholars, at Manoti some Harappan pottery types in the lower levels associated with a citadel, which had 11 ft thick walls and a square bastion at turning points.

However, this phase in Malwa is still not well defined. The well-defined successive phases are the Kayatha, Ahar and the Malwa cultures, each with their own assortment of pottery and hence identified as different. Otherwise, the succession is continuous. There is a 12 m thick occupational deposit at Kayatha where the modern village is located on the ancient mounds on the bank of the Chhoti Kali Sindh, a tributary of the Kali Sindh, itself a tributary of the Chambal. Over fourty sites of the Kayatha culture have been located in the north-western part of Madhya Pradesh, mostly in the Chambal valley. The fine-tuned date range of this culture is the second half of the third millennium BC. The typical `Kayatha ware` is fine, sturdy, wheel made and bears linear painted designs in violet on a thick brown slip which is usually applied from the mouth to the shoulder but also occasionally continues down to the base.

Jars with a globular profile, bowls with thickened incurved rim and ridged shoulder, and large storage jars with heavy beaded rim are some major shapes in this pottery. The `Kayatha ware` is associated with a red-painted buff ware and a red combed ware. The major shape in the thin-walled red-painted buff ware is `lota`, a small vessel with a flaring mouth, round bottom and carinated body. `Buff` colour is the result of a wash and haematite pieces were used to paint linear designs on this surface. The red `combed ware` is sturdy, bears wavy and zigzag lines and has only bowls and dishes as shapes. The large storage jars are crude and handmade with incised and are found appliqu‚ designs.

Apart from these designs, there is an extensive microlithic blade industry of locally available fine- grained chalcedony, but there are also 2 copper axes (cast in moulds) and 27 copper bangles in two pots.

There are also weights for digging sticks. Two necklaces made of agate and carnelian beads were found in two pots. Another pot con-tained 40,000 micro-beads of steatite and domesticated cattle and horse figure in the faunal assemblage are also found. The houses were made of mud and reed and had mud-plastered floors. As said by an excavator of the site, the `Kayatha ware` has an early Harappan affinity and that its steatite micro-beads are identical with Harappan specimens.

The Kayatha axes bear round indentation marks, a feature noticed on the Ganeshwar specimens too and the probability of Ganeshwar being their source is high. Apart from its diagnostic ceramic, white-painted black-and-red ware, the important feature of the Ahar culture level at Kayatha is the large number of terracotta bull figurines and in some cases, the natural form of the bull is eventually reduced to a pair of horns on a pedestalled base.

The third chalcolithic level in Malwa is constituted by the Malwa culture, the type-site of which is Navdatoli (1952-53, 1957-59) on the southern bank of the Narmada south of Indore. The archetypal `Malwa ware` is a buff or orange-slipped ware with linear, geometric and occasionally stylized naturalistic designs in black or dark brown. Among the shapes the `lota`, concave-sided bowl, channel-spouted bowl and pedestalled goblets can be mentioned. There are both circular and oblong wattle-and-daub houses. The circular houses are also found and the small ones being obviously used as stores for grains and hay. Some houses are also made in rectangular. The microlithic blade industry is plentiful (over 23,000 specimens) and was produced probably in individual households. At Navdatoli, there are copper flat-axes, wire-rings, bangles, fishhooks, nail-parers, chisels, thick pins and a broken mid-ribbed sword. The analysed specimens have revealed both tin and lead alloying, and the axes carry round indentation marks like the Ganeshwar specimens. Saddle querns, rubbers, hammerstones, maceheads or weights for digging sticks form the general run of objects made of stone. There are beads of agate, amazonite, carnelian, chalcedony, faience, glass, jasper, lapis lazuli, steatite, shell and terracotta. Terracotta culture animal figurines and spindle-whorls have been found. Two varieties of wheat, linseed, black-gram, green gram, green peas, khesari or Lathyrus sativus and rice were cultivated. There were domesti-cated cattle, sheep, goat and pig; and deer were hunted.

In some places around Madhya Pradesh, the excavations give ample evidence of the religious beliefs of the then people. The evidence of religion has been found extensively in the Malwa cultural level. From the excavations, a shrine with a female worshipper on the right and a lizard on the left is found. The calibrated date range of the Malwa culture at Navdatoli is roughly c - 2000-c. 1750 BC.

It has been said with the proof of excavations that there was more rice than wheat in chalcolithic Malwa and `profuse use` of rice husk was also evidenced. Cattle or bull figurines occur in hundreds and may suggest Saivite belief of some kind. This is also supported by some terracotta representations of the phallus. Many of the bull forms and bulls bear nail impressed crescentic decoration. It is also believed that in the second phase of Dang-wada bull-worship declined and in its place appeared conical cult objects in houses and shrines. There were pot-stands with bull and serpent figures and serpent designs on the Malwa pottery. There was fire sacrifice in circular fire-altars and it has further been believed that there was a separate room for performing rituals in many houses.

At Nagda, the chalcolithic level was succeeded, after a short duration, by an iron-using level, which shows continuity from the earlier chalcolithic level. On this basis, the date of the beginning of the iron-bearing level at Nagda should be well within the second millennium BC.


Share this Article:

Related Articles

More Articles in History of India


History of Indian Drama
History of Indian Drama is rich with Vedas and Indian epics and has gradually changed with time and remains unaffected by any foreign influence.
History of Khajuraho Temple
Located in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh, Khajuraho is country’s most magnificent groups of temples.
History of Ayurveda
History of Ayurveda dates back to 5,000 years old and is widely considered to be the oldest form of health care in the world.
History of Uttar Pradesh
The state was the heart of Mahabharata war and the history of Uttar Pradesh is very much the history of India. The place finds its mentions in Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
History of Indian Photography
An overview of the development of photography, through the various stages in India.
History of Delhi
History of Delhi began with the advent of Indian regal dynasties. Delhi witnessed the rise and fall of Hindu dynasties, Muslims and the British as well.
History of Indian Radio
History of Indian Radio dates back to late 1930s with the first establishment of All India Radio in 1936 that improved further after independence.
History of Punjab
History of Punjab dates back to the 16th century; however its formation is traced in the great epic Mahabharata.
History Of Archaeology In India
History of archaeology in India contributes a lot to define the past history and the social life of India.
History of Maharashtra
Maharashtra, the land of charismatic Marathas, unfolds the legend of diverse culture and tradition, keeping in pace with the modernity. The gallant history of Maharashtra is still echoed amidst its historical relics and archeological wonders.
History of Kerala
History of Kerala can be interpreted from the inscriptions of Ashoka, Mauryan Emperor. History of Kerala is as interesting as its wide-ranging geographical features that make the land a place of versatile appeal.
History of Bihar
History of Bihar goes back to the very dawn of the human civilizations. Many eminent personalities and leaders from Bihar contributed for India’s freedom struggle.
History of Assam
In the ancient Indian epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, Assam was known as `Kamarupa` or `Pragjyotish`. In the Mahabharata, the Puranas, the Tantras there are references of Assam as Kamrupa kingdom.
History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands dates back to the settlement of the East India Company in the territory of the Islands.
History of West Bengal
History of West Bengal is rooted in richness and is an important episode in the history of India. The history of Bengal played an important role in shaping the history of India.
History of Jharkhand
One of the fairly newer states, Jharkhand was carved out of the southern portion of Bihar in 2000. The history of Jharkhand is seeped with a variety of cultural significances starting from the Vedic era to Mughal period and finally the British administration.
History of Sikkim
History of Sikkim declares the pre historic culture and the colonial era hilly politics and the rules of Sikkim.
History of Nagaland
The history of Nagaland mainly revolves around and deals with the customs and economic activities of the Naga Tribes and how the state has evolved since the Indian Independence.
History of Mizoram
History of Mizoram includes the various historical events and incidents which occurred during the various ages, right from before the age of the Mughals.
History of Jammu & Kashmir
History of Jammu and Kashmir involves a series of political and geographical transformations from every ancient era to the modern times also. Even now, Jammu and Kashmir has its political tension between Pakistan and India.
History of Puducherry
Puducherry was invaded by different invaders in different times. The invaders include Pallava Kingdom of Kanchipuram, dynasties of the South, Cholas of Thanjavur, Pandyas and Muslim invaders.
History of Chandigarh
In 1947, the British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Punjab was also included in this partition. So, there was a need for a new capital for Punjab, as the old capital Lahore became part of Pakistan during the partition. So, in 1948, under the leadership of chief architect Mr. P.L. Verma the construction of Chandigarh city began.
History of Daman and Diu
During the early stage, i.e. from 8th to 13th century, Daman and Diu was part of Goa.
History of Lakshadweep
History of Lakshadweep defines the first settlement on these islands under the Union Territory of India that was ruled by Cheraman Perumal, who was the last king of Kerala.
History of Karnataka
History of Karnataka comprised of the different rulers of different dynasties of various religions like Hindus, Buddhists, and later the Muslims.
History of Goa
History of Goa dates back to the 3rd century BC and reflects the rule of the mighty rulers and gained its independence under Jawaharlal Nehru.
History of Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh possesses a rich historical heritage of culture of the ancient tribes. Being a bordering state of India, Arunachal Pradesh also has a history of military unrest since ancient Indian age.
History of Andhra Pradesh
History of Andhra Pradesh traces its origin back to the 5th century BC. According to the inscriptions, Kuberaka, the oldest Kingdom in South India had an empire in the coastal Andhra during that period.
History of Himachal Pradesh
History of Himachal Pradesh narrates about the various settlements and dynasties that emerged in the region over time.
History of Uttarakhand
History of Uttarakhand finds mention in the early Hindu scriptures as Kedarkhand, Manaskhand and Himavat. Uttarakhand is called as the Land of the Gods (Dev Bhoomi) because of its various holy places and shrines.
History of Rajasthan
The history of Rajasthan is dotted with tales of valor, chivalry, camaraderie and romance.
History of Tamil Nadu
History of Tamil Nadu reveals that this ancient place in South India was ruled by various kingdoms like the Pandyas Dynasty, Cholas Dynasty, Nayakas Dynasty and Pallavas Dynasty.
History of Haryana
History of Haryana depicts various events and influences that have cast a profound effect on the culture and people of the district. The place gained statehood on 1st of November 1966
History of Odisha
History of Odisha goes back a rather long way. Most of the history of the state is replete with the dynastic as well as tribal struggle for territorial superiority. Odisha is a place where one can find the religion, culture and history flow in away that lead to cultural amalgamation of early India.
History of Manipur
History of Manipur can be traced back to the prehistoric ages and this was followed by a number of rulers who reigned the land from age to age till it came under British rule and later joined the union of India.
History of Gujarat
History of Gujarat can be dated back to the 14th century that later witnessed the supremacy of many powerful dynasties.
History of Tripura
History of Tripura is dealing with the early mythological history and the history of British rule in North eastern part of India.
History of Meghalaya
The history of Meghalaya predominantly comprises of the three tribes of the state- Garo, Khasi and Jaintia tribes. Later on Meghalaya was formed by carving out two districts from the state of Assam.
History of Chhattisgarh
History of Chhattisgarh dates back to the era of epics and traces through the reign of powerful dynasties in India like Marathas. The area developed a rich cultural heritage during British era.